These two chapters discuss the roles of non governmental organizations and trade blocs and how they effect foreign policy of a state. To give a very upstream view, the way these two perspectives effect the foreign policy of a state are quiet different.
NGOs influence the policies of a state by manoeuvrings support against the government through lobbyists and pressure groups. Other then that, they often use their international presence to raise their voice against issues. Trade blocs on the other hand come into play by simply threatening to restrict supply. They get their work done by pressuring a government economically.
Throughout the years Canada has followed a foreign policy which has been conducted in collaboration and through multilateral processes and institutions. How the government has supported multilateralism institutions clearly succeeds other considerations that have effected and shaped the interests of the Canadian foreign policy.
How the government of Canada has supported NATO in the Iraq war also clearly demonstrates its commitment towards multilateralism in its foreign policy. Initially, the Canadian public opposed to support military action against Iraq by its allies, the US and the UK. However, being a part of NATO, the Canadian government would have to allow its troops to work with the UK if the UN Security Council gave a green signal for the war. And thats what eventually happened. This simply explains how much role multilateralism plays in the Canadian foreign policy.
Many facts can be attributed to the failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s. Lets consider the main ones here. To start off not all major countries joined the League of Nations. USA never ever really joined the league. What the league lacked was membership of powerful states, which never really happened.
Lastly and most majorly, the League failed to control aggression by major powers.