What is the signal that initiates the process of activating expression

1. What is the signal that initiates the process of activating expression of the beta(B)-interferon gene (IFN-B)?2. Which proteins receive this initial signal?3. Which transcriptional activatotors regulate the expression of IFN_B? In general terms, how does the signaling process affect these transcription factors?4. What chromatin alterations occur at IFN-B during this process?5. What happens to the B-interferon protein that is produced?6. What processes are affected by B-interferon, and which signal transduction pathway mediates this effect?7. Sex determination in Drosophila depends on a regulatory cascade that involves alternative splicing as well as transcriptional regulation. Describe what happens, beginning at the early embryo stage and up to the point where male and female differentiation genes are activated or repressed. Include a description of the mechanisms that regulate production of the proteins Sxl, Tra, and Dsx, and explain what these proteins do.8. How would loss-of-function mutations in the “tra” gene be expected to effect the development of XY male and XX female flies?9. Describe the role of alternative splicing in regulating embryonic stem cell pluripotency in mammals? What remains to be learned about alternative splicing regulation in this particular instance?10.How do eukaryotic transcriptional repressors inhibit the expression of specific genes?11. What mechanisms silence eukaryotic genes over larger chromosomal regions and limit the silenced domains?12. Describe the key events that occur during the initiation of translation in eukaryotes and the interactions that give rise to the closed loop mRNA structure.13. Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which mTOR, Bruno, and CPEB regulate translation.