The first step in any sociological research project is toformulate a hypothesiscollect datadefine the problem.review previous research

The first step in any sociological research project is toformulate a hypothesiscollect datadefine the problem.review previous research2 An explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept is a(n)variableoperational definitionhypothesiscorrelation3 The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another is called thehypothetical variabledependent variableindependent variablecorrelation variable4 A correlation exists whenone variable causes something to occur in another variablea change in one variable coincides with a change in another variablea negative relationship exists between two variablestwo or more variables are causally related5 Through which type of research technique does a sociologist ensure that data are statistically representative of the population being studied?samplingexperimentsethnographycontrol variables6 A variable that is hypothesized to vary depending on the influence of another variable is called a(n): Extraneous variableIndependent variableControl variableDichotomous variableDependent variable7 A _____ is a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables. 8 In order to obtain a random sample, a researcher might survey the attitudes of UNF students by passing out surveys to an algebra classdo all of the aboveadminister a questionnaire to every fifth woman who enters a business officestudy the attitudes of registered Democratic voters by choosing every 10th name found on a city’s list of registered Democrats9 In the 1930s, William F. Whyte moved into a low­income Italian neighborhood in Boston. For nearly four years, he was a member of the social circle of “corner boys” that he describes in Street Corner Society. His goal was to gain greater insight into the community established by these men. What type of research technique did Whyte use?secondary analysisexperimentparticipant observationsurvey 10 When sociologists want to study a possible cause­and­effect relationship, they may engage in what kind of research technique?ethnographysurvey researchsecondary analysisexperimen t 11 Emile Durkheim’s statistical analysis of suicide was an example of what kind of research technique?ethnographyexperimental researchsecondary analysisparticipant observation12 By conducting a _____, researchers refine the problem under study, clarify possible techniques to be used in collecting data, and eliminate or reduce avoidable mistakes. hypothesisrandom sampleliterature reviewhypothesis 13 A _____ exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the otherrandom samplehypothesisliterature reviewcorrelation14 In a _____, every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selectedhypothesisliterature reviewcorrelationrandom sample15 One assigned chapter opened with a discussion of the work of Patricia and Peter Adler. The vignette demonstrates how sociologists study behaviors that are private and personal. What specific behavior did they write about? People with eating disordersPeople who put tattoos on their faces and other highly visible placesPeople who cut themselves and administer other self­injuriesPeople who have unusual sexual fetishesMen who visit prostitutes16 The type of social research that involves immersive observation and extended, systematic fieldwork is called:Content analysisEthnographyCentral methodSeconday analysisQuasi­experiments 17 Which of the following is not one of the standards in the sociological code of ethics:Maintain objectivity and integrity in researchRespect the subject’s right to privacy and dignityProtect subjects from personal harmPay subjects for their participationPreserve confidentiality 18 According to C. Wright Mills, we can define _____ as the ability to see the societal patterns that influence the individual as well as groups of individualsthe social principlethe positivist impulsethe epistemic impulse the sociological mandatethe sociological imagination 19 Who is not listed as an important founder of sociology?W.E.B. Du BoisKarl MarxEmile DurkheimMax WeberCharles Darwin 20 According to the text, sociology’s ability to look behind things taken for granted, looking instead tothe origins of social behavior is called:Social illuminationDebunkingProvenance sourcingReanimationTruth digging21 The historical epoch characterized by reliance on human reason to solve problems and understand the world is called:The post­modern eraThe iron ageThe dark agesThe ChalcolithicThe Enlightenment 22 Which of the following is not one of the major theoretical traditions in sociology existentialismfunctionalismconflict theoryfeminist theorysymbolic interaction23 _____ occurs when some evidence supports your belief, but you falsely assume that it applies to many other situations, too.Premature closureSelective observationHalo effectOvergeneralization 24 _____ occurs when we let the reputation of something we accept as positive or prestigious “rub off” onto other areasOvergeneralizationPremature closureSelective observationHalo effect 25 _____ occurs when you feel you have the answer and do not need to listen, seek information, or raise questions any longer.OvergeneralizationSelective observationPremature closureHalo effect26 _____ occurs when you take special notice of some people or events and tend to seek out evidence that confirms what you already believe and ignore contradictory information Premature closureHalo effectOvergeneralizationSelective observation27 _____ is designed to address a specific concern or to offer solutions to a problem identified by anemployer, club, agency, social movement, or organization.Descriptive researchExploratory researchEvaluation researchExplanatory research28 In _____, a researcher examines a new area to formulate precise questions that he or she can address in future research.Evaluation researchExploratory researchExplanatory researchDescriptive research 29 _____ identifies the sources of social behaviors, beliefs, conditions, and events, and documents causes, tests theories, and provides reasons.Exploratory researchDescriptive researchExplanatory researchEvaluation research 30 Sociologists often use what we know to dismantle common sense ideas or taken for granted “facts.” The text calls this: InductingEmpiricizingEnds­clarificationDebunkingDesplaining31 Stephen J. Gould’s assertion that religion and science inhabit separate, distinct domains of knowledge is called:Non­overlapping magisteriaDetached epistemologiesThe theory of discrete spheresEpistemic vitalism32 The evil Lord Xenu’s spaceships looked like:Metal spheresFlying saucersDC­8sA ballistic missile33 According to the chapter, the classic example used to exemplify the conflict between religion and science is:fraud in the stock markethuman / ape chimerasevolutionglobal climate change34 Why does the author of the chapter “Godless Science, Irrational Religion” claim that science is destabilizing?Scientists are arrogant and show contempt for common peopleScientific inquiry produces a knowledge base that is constantly changing and growing as we gather and interpret evidence Scientists are politically active, and tend to promote particular ideologiesScience has no moral compass, and leads to hedonistic behavior in the populace35 The use of statistics to describe societyemerged in 17th century Europe, particularly England and Franceis generally confined to the United States, since European nations don’t collect social statisticsis opposed by the American Sociological associationis a new development which began in the last 20 years 36 According to the reading, who is at least partially to blame for distorted statisticsSocial activitstsTheologiansMathematiciansUniversities