PSYCH 101 – Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition

1.Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition would agree that:A. most human behaviors and habits are the result of rational decision making.B. personality development is smooth and continuous.C. psychologists need to rely on objective, rather than subjective methods and observations.D. the experiences in early childhood is evident in the adult personality and behavior.2. According to Freud, a healthy personality is one in which:A. the id dictates the primary actions of the personality.B. the ego defers to the superego, which keeps a tight lid on the id.C. id, ego, and superego are in balance.D. the superego dictates to the id and balances with the ego.3. When Andrew became a Roman Catholic priest, making the vow of celibacy was difficult, but he remained true to his commitment. Andrew found along the way that he had a talent for sculpting and began creating exquisite pieces of religious art. Sigmund Freud would say that Andrew’s artistic creations are a demonstration of:A. reaction formation.B. sublimation.C. denial.D. projection.4. Four-year-old Cole squeezes between Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He kisses Mommy, but refuses to cuddle with Daddy. According to Freud’s theory of personality development, Cole is experiencing:A. the Oedipus complex.B. sublimation of the id.C. regression tendencies.D. separation/individuation.5. __________ theorized that we all have both central (unchanging) and secondary (more flexible) personality traits.A. Gordan AllportB. Sigmund FreudC. Carl RogersD. Abraham Maslow6. Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by:A. developing a set of behavioral interventions.B. conducting case-study analysis.C. devising the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.D. using factor analysis.7.When Edith attended her 15th high school reunion, she noticed that her classmates seemed to be more relaxed and easygoing. In addition, her peers seemed much more __________, which she attributed to their being, like herself, over the age of 30.A. extrovertedB. neuroticC. conscientiousD. resistant to new experiences8.The five central personality traits are relatively stable over time, especially as people reach their thirties. In addition, these traits:A. are distinct and separate factors.B. have been identified in most places around the world.C. correlate moderately with levels of intelligence.D. give a complete picture of personality.9.Psychologists believe that babies __________ genetically determined temperaments.A. are born withB. display at birth about 50 percent of theirC. are born with high sensitivity to their parents’D. are aware of their own10.According to behavioral-genetic studies, heritability accounts for about half of why people differ in their traits. __________ accounts for most of the other half.A. Intelligence (IQ)B. Intra-psychic processesC. TemperamentD. Environment11.There is a strong belief in the Western world that parental child-rearing practices are the strongest influence on children’s personality development. Interestingly, researchers have found that:A. adopted children’s personality traits are highly correlated with their adoptive parents’ traits.B. parents are inconsistent in their child-rearing practices.C. the shared environment is more influential than the non-shared environment.D. child-rearing practices directly correlate with personality formation.12. Billy’s parents are quite concerned about the low scores he is earning in school. Billy has always been an A-B student, but is now getting mostly Ds. He tells them he doesn’t care anymore about getting good grades. A personality psychologist would begin considering Billy’s case by:A. encouraging the parents to reinforce better scores with rewards of Billy’s choice.B. looking at the genetic influences on his ability to perform academically.C. reviewing his friends’ academic values.D. testing him for a learning disability.13.Two meta-analyses comparing young Americans in 1952 and those who were young in 1993 found that the:A. 1990s generation had higher levels of anxiety and neuroticism.B. 1950s generation had a lower sense of safety due to World War II.C. 1990s generation was more confident about their efforts to improve the world.D. 1950s generation felt less personal control over their lives.14.Which of the following is true of an individualist culture?A. Group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.B. The self is defined in the context of relationships.C. Personality is viewed as being stable in different situations.D. The independence of the individual takes precedence over the needs of the group.15. Cross-cultural research has revealed that the most altruistic children are found in societies in which:A. children’s work makes a genuine contribution to the well-being of the family.B. parents encourage their children toward altruism through personal achievement.C. parents teach their children to find self-fulfillment through attaining leadership positions.D. children spend more time in cooperative play, such as team sports, than earning money to help support the family.16. On his first overseas business trip, Mr. Streeter finds it rude that he is constantly kept waiting. After all, his appointments were set up a week in advance through e-mail. It is most likely that his business trip has taken him to:A. a Northern European country.B. a Canadian province.C. the Middle East.D. Australia.17. People who depend economically on agriculture tend to:A. develop a culture of honor.B. foster cooperative strategies.C. cultivate postures of extreme vigilance.D. become inflamed if their reputations are threatened.18.Trevor comes from a culture of honor and gets riled up when he thinks someone has insulted him. It would be a good guess that, of the four states listed below, Trevor must have lived most of his life in:A. Colorado.B. Vermont.C. Minnesota.D. Ohio.19.According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are:A. the Big Five personality traits.B. a person’s higher instincts and repressed conflicts.C. the qualities of the self-actualized person.D. the reinforcers and punishers in a person’s learning history.20.Carl Rogers would agree that:A. a parent can correct a child’s behavior without withdrawing love from the child.B. reinforcement and punishment are of major importance in becoming a fully functioning person.C. unconditional love can overcome any destructive instincts that humans are born with.D. human nature involves loneliness, fear of freedom, and a struggle for meaning.