(assignment & online exams)

ashworth college BU490 Online Exam 1 latest 2016 mayPart 1 of 1 – 90.0/ 100.0 PointsQuestion 1 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat are the two stages within the first level (Preconventional level) of Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development?A. punishment and obedience orientation; instrumental and relative orientationB. interpersonal concordance orientation; law and order orientationC. social contract orientation; universal moral principles orientationD. microsocial norm orientation; interpersonal concordance orientationQuestion 2 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat happens during the Conventional Stages of Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development?A. Children can see moral rights and wrongs.B. Children can apply the labels good, bad, right, and wrong.C. Children satisfy their own needs through right actions.D. The person tries to see right and wrong impartially.Question 3 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is an example of a microsocial norm?A. prohibition of murderB. prohibition of alcoholC. prohibition of tortureD. prohibition of stealingQuestion 4 of 200.0/ 5.0 Points_______ attempt(s) to explain the world without reaching any conclusions about whether the world is as it ought to be.A. EthicsB. A descriptive studyC. Social responsibilityD. Moral standardsQuestion 5 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points_______ are those norms that differ from one community to another and that should be applied to people only if their community accepts those particular norms.A. Cultural normsB. Microsocial normsC. HypernormsD. Ethical normsQuestion 6 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat happened when Stalney Milgram tested subjects’ willingness to follow the orders of an authority figure to give electric shocks to someone else?A. No subjects were willing to harm other people.B. One-third of subjects were willing to harm other people.C. Two-thirds of subjects were willing to harm other people.D. 90% of the subjects were willing to harm other people.Question 7 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsRichard Scrushy, former CEO of HealthSouth, was convicted of:A. Defrauding Medicare & falsifying reportsB. Stealing company propertyC. Bribery, conspiracy and mail fraudD. BigamyQuestion 8 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the theory of ethical relativism?A. the theory that there are universal ethical standards that people should adhere toB. the theory that there are no ethical standards whatsoeverC. the theory that ethical standards are dependent on each particular cultureD. the theory that ethical standards are dependent on the culture’s level of technology and advancementQuestion 9 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsIn the Integrative Social Contracts Theory, what is the term for moral standards that differ from one community to another?A. social normsB. microsocial normsC. hypernormsD. communal normsQuestion 10 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points__________ include norms we have about the actions we believe are morally right and wrong, as well as the values we place on what we believe is morally good or morally bad.A. Personal ethicsB. BehaviorsC. Moral standardsD. Social contractsQuestion 11 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points_______ stated that businesses are obligated only to the stockholders and that owners have the right to say how the corporation should be run.A. David ReedB. James RachelsC. Milton FriedmanD. Edward FreemanQuestion 12 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsIn the Integrative Social Contracts Theory, what is the term for moral standards that should be applied to people in all societies?A. social normsB. microsocial normsC. hypernormsD. macrosocial normsQuestion 13 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsHow do we stimulate moral development in ourselves?A. experience difficult ethical decisions ourselvesB. engage in interaction and discussion of moral issues with people around usC. read about how others have dealt with ethical decisionsD. avoid ethically dubious situationsQuestion 14 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe term for the worldwide process by which the economic and social systems of nations become connected is called:A. connectivity.B. internationalization.C. multinationalism.D. globalization.Question 15 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThough business ethics covers a variety of topics, three basic types of issues are:A. systematic, corporate, and public.B. systematic, corporate, and individual.C. individual, group, and social.D. systematic, corporate, and group.Question 16 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points_______ consists of all those methods, processes, and tools that humans invent to manipulate and control their environment.A. OperationsB. Capital knowledgeC. Corporate capabilityD. TechnologyQuestion 17 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points_______ is/are not established or changed by authoritative bodies.A. CSR guidelinesB. Affirmative action plansC. Ethics of utilityD. Moral standardsQuestion 18 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat does the “Loyal Agent Argument” state?A. An employer would want to be served in whatever ways will advance his or her self-interests.B. A customer expects to be served in whatever ways will ensure their loyalty to the company or brand.C. An employee has a duty only to themselves as a loyal agent, and nobody else.D. Companies will not waste time serving ethical needs because acting ethically does not advance their self-interests.Question 19 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat ethical stance should managers adopt when in a foreign country whose laws and culture are different than what they are used to?A. Judge each case as it comes along.B. Stick to the higher standards that are typical in their home country.C. Always follow local practices and laws.D. Follow their own personal code of ethics.Question 20 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is “stakeholder theory”?A. Corporate managers are obligated only to the shareholders, and no one else, because they own the corporation.B. Corporate managers are obligated only to the customers, and no one else, because they are the lifeblood of the corporation.C. Corporate managers should consider everyone, including outside interests, when making a decision.D. Corporate managers should consider all groups or individuals who can affect the achievement of an organization’s objectives.ashworth college BU490 Online Exam 2 latest 2016 mayPart 1 of 1 – 80.0/ 100.0 PointsQuestion 1 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points__________ consider it wrong to tax someone to provide benefits to someone else.A. EgalitariansB. UtilitariansC. LibertariansD. KantiansQuestion 2 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsA __________, according to Kant, is the reason a person has for doing what he plans to do.A. justificationB. purposeC. maximD. mandateQuestion 3 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhich of the following is an ethical rule governing contracts?A. The contract must be fair.B. The contract must be enforceable.C. The contract must be specific.D. The contract must not be immoral.Question 4 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the definition of capitalist justice?A. Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.B. In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.C. Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.D. Work burdens should be distributed according to people’s abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people’s needs.Question 5 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhen might it be appropriate for civil rights to be restricted?A. during times of economic hardshipB. during times of warC. when different political parties come into powerD. when the majority disagrees with the minority being restrictedQuestion 6 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat type of justice involves the allocation of benefits and burdens?A. retributive justiceB. distributive justiceC. reparative justiceD. compensatory justiceQuestion 7 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe first formulation of the categorical imperative incorporates two criteria for determining moral right and wrong: universalizability and:A. applicability.B. reversibility.C. enforceability.D. entitlement.Question 8 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the definition of egalitarianism?A. Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and
burdens.B. In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.C. Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.D. Work burdens should be distributed according to people’s abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people’s needs.Question 9 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat does the First Formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative hold similarities to?A. the golden ruleB. the golden meanC. utilitarianismD. ethical relativismQuestion 10 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat type of justice involves remuneration for wrongs or injuries?A. retributive justiceB. distributive justiceC. reparative justiceD. compensatory justiceQuestion 11 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsImmanuel Kant’s principle, called the categorical imperative, requires that everyone be treated as:A. A free and equal personB. A dependent employeeC. An indentured personD. A non-resident employeeQuestion 12 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe most flexible method is to measure actions and goods in terms of:A. how they relate to rightsB. how they relate to justiceC. their monetary equivalentsD. their impact on health and lifeQuestion 13 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhy did the Ford managers decide not to fix the gas tank on the Pinto?A. because they believed it was best for society as a wholeB. because they did not have enough time or budgetC. to save money on the cost of fixing the tanksD. because they were acting in self-interestQuestion 14 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhich of the following is true regarding moral rights and legal rights?A. Legal rights are more specific than moral rights.B. Moral rights are universal.C. Moral rights are dependent on where you live.D. Legal rights cannot be revoked.Question 15 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat are intrinsic goods?A. things that are considered good because they lead to other good thingsB. things that we believe we desire, because of advertising and popular opinionC. things that are desired for their own sake, such as health and lifeD. things which we do not value or desire, but others doQuestion 16 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points__________ rights imply that others have a duty not only to refrain from interference, but also to provide you with what you need to pursue your interests.A. PositiveB. NegativeC. PrivacyD. EntitlementQuestion 17 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the ethic of virtue?A. an emphasis on the value of caring for others’ well-beingB. an ethic based on evaluations of the moral character of a personC. a view that holds that actions should be weighed based on benefits and costsD. the ethic that benefits and burdens should be distributed fairlyQuestion 18 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe __________ principle says that the right action for a particular occasion is the one that produces more utility than any other possible action.A. rationalB. utilitarianC. justiceD. egalitarianQuestion 19 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the “X-system” based on?A. the use of other’s experiences to cross-reference with when making conscious moral decisionsB. the use of instinct when making unconscious moral decisionsC. the use of schemas or prototypes of experiences in the past to make unconscious moral decisionsD. the use of drawing upon our moral principles to see which ones might apply when making conscious moral decisionsQuestion 20 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsAn entitlement is called a __________ right.A. distributiveB. legalC. humanD. contractualashworth college BU490 Online Exam 3 latest 2016 mayPart 1 of 1 – 90.0/ 100.0 PointsQuestion 1 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsLinux, Firefox, and OpenOffice are examples of:A. pay-to-play software.B. government software.C. shareware.D. open-source software.Question 2 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the most important concept in international trade theory?A. free tradeB. absolute advantageC. comparative advantageD. means of productionQuestion 3 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsChina and Singapore are examples of what type of economies?A. ones that favor free markets and globalizationB. ones that favor individual property rightsC. ones that favor government interventionD. ones that favor competitionQuestion 4 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the definition of the economic system based primarily on government authorities making decisions?A. command economyB. market economyC. mixed economyD. capitalist economyQuestion 5 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsMany economists now advocate retaining the market system and private property while modifying their workings through government regulation. This is known as a(n) __________ economy.A. pure capitalistB. evolutionaryC. mixedD. free marketQuestion 6 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe simultaneous occurrence of inflation and unemployment is called:A. recession.B. depression.C. stagnation.D. stagflation.Question 7 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsAccording to Locke, the power of government should be:A. Expanded to meet the needs of all citizens.B. Expanded to meet the needs of corporations.C. Limited, extending only far enough to protect basic rights of all citizens.D. Limited, extending only far enough to protect the basic rights of corporations.Question 8 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat did Marx’s “alienation” theory say about the nature of a human being?A. It is our nature to be self-determined and be able to satisfy our true needs.B. It is our nature to be greedy and always want more.C. It is our nature to want to do gooD.D. It is our nature to avoid conflict, and therefore workers do not rise against their oppressors.Question 9 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsCompassion, concern, love, friendship, and kindness are all sentiments or virtues that normally manifest this dimension of morality.A. ethics of careB. virtue ethicsC. the categorical imperativeD. duty ethicsQuestion 10 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsCountries such as Sweden, Norway, France, Ireland, and Switzerland use which type of economy?A. free market economy with no government regulationB. completely government-regulated economyC. free market economy with some government regulationD. mixed economy with lots of government regulationQuestion 11 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsA __________ ethic is an ethic that sees concrete communities and communal relationships as having a fundamental value that should be preserved and maintaineD.A. utilitarianB. virtueC. communitarianD. dutyQuestion 12 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsIn the “Great Recession” of 2008-2009, the governments around the world returned to __________ policies with a vengeance.A. free marketB. KeynesianC. utilitarianD. DarwinistQuestion 13 of 205.0/ 5.0 Points__________ indicate the kind of care that is owed to those with whom we have special concrete relationships.A. Utilitarian standardsB. Standards that specify how individuals must be treatedC. Standards of justiceD. Standards of caringQuestion 14 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat effects of capitalism did Karl Marx observe and detail?A. the rise of large corporationsB. pollution of the environmentC. unethical behavior of business ownersD. worker exploitation and inequalityQuestion 15 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsThe area of __________ has created a debate between the Lockean property rights and socialist notions of collective ownership.A. oligopoliesB. globalizationC. free marketsD. intellectual propertyQuestion 16 of 200.0/ 5.0 PointsSocial Darwinists had a different take on the utilitarian justification for free markets. What did they argue?A. They argued that only by aiding weaker businesses can they grow strong.B. They argued that economic competition would not produce human progress.C. They argued that economic competition was inherently flaweD.D. They argued that the best businesses are those that can survive fierce economic competition.Question 17 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the definition of the economic system based primarily on individuals making decisions?A. command economyB. market economyC. mixed economyD. capitalist economyQuestion 18 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsWhat is the term for nonphysical property such as knowledge or information?A. intellectual propertyB. virtual propertyC. information propertyD. Internet propertyQuestion 19 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsAdam Smith’s major work, the W
ealth of Nations, in fact, was primarily aimed at showing the benefits of:A. a free marketB. free tradeC. utilitarianismD. absolute advantageQuestion 20 of 205.0/ 5.0 PointsModifying Locke’s views on free markets, Adam Smith’s arguments rest on __________ arguments that unregulated markets and private property will produce greater benefits than any other system.A. KantianB. UtilitarianC. CommunistD. Darwinistashworth college BU490 Online Exam 5 latest 2016 mayPart 1 of 2 – 47.5/ 50.0 PointsQuestion 1 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsAccording to __________, justice is when the benefits and burdens of society are distributed such that a person receives the value of the contribution he or she makes to an enterprise.A. capitalismB. incentivizationC. utilitariansmD. marxismQuestion 2 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsImagine that Joe and Sarah both own competing lemonade stands. It costs 50 cents to make one lemonade, so Joe and Sarah both charge customers $1 for a glass of lemonade. In an attempt to run Joe out of business, Sarah begins charging 25 cents for lemonade so that Joe cannot compete. This is an example of what?A. tying arrangementsB. incentivizationC. exclusive dealing arrangementsD. predatory price discriminationQuestion 3 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is NOT a feature of a perfectly competitive free market?A. All buyers and sellers are utility maximizers.B. Buyers and sellers do not have knowledge of what every other buyer and seller is doing.C. Goods being sold in the market are extremely similar.D. No external parties regulate the price.Question 4 of 400.0/ 2.5 Points__________ is when a company sells to a retailer only on condition that they agree to charge the same set retail prices.A. Retail Price Maintenance AgreementsB. Bid RiggingC. Exclusive Dealing ArrangementsD. Predatory Price DiscriminationQuestion 5 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is a horizontal merger?A. When a company unifies operations with its suppliers and distributorsB. When a company joins with another company in another market to cross-sell their goodsC. When two companies in the same market join together instead of competingD. When a company splits into two to better specialize in their marketsQuestion 6 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsA(n) __________ market is one that can, and generally will, deviate from the ideals of capitalist justice, economic utility, and negative rights.A. highly concentratedB. utilitarianC. monopolyD. oligopolyQuestion 7 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is the term for a situation in which firms limit their output?A. market allocationB. bid riggingC. exclusive dealing arrangementsD. manipulation of supplyQuestion 8 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe common definition of price fixing is when: also purchases other goods from the firm.A. companies agree to set prices artificially high.B. companies agree to limit production.C. a company sells a buyer certain goods only on condition that the buyerD. companies agree to limit production.Question 9 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsAn oil company is expanding, but no new oil fields are available. They therefore must resort to the expensive and less-efficient practice of extracting petroleum from oil sands. This is known as:A. the principle of increasing marginal cost.B. the principle of gross marginal utility.C. the principle of diminishing marginal utility.D. the principle of increasing marginal utility.Question 10 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhen a company sells a buyer certain goods only on condition that the buyer also purchases other goods from the firm, this is known as:A. manipulation of supply.B. exclusive dealing arrangements.C. price discrimination.D. tying arrangement.Question 11 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe common definition of price fixing is:A. when companies agree to set prices artificially high.B. when companies agree to limit production.C. when a company sells a buyer certain goods only on condition that the buyer also purchases other goods from the firm.D. when companies agree to limit production.Question 12 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsOligopoly markets that are __________ markets are dominated by a few (three to eight) large firms. They include many of the largest manufacturing industries.A. capitalisticB. incentivizedC. focusedD. highly concentratedQuestion 13 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is NOT one of the ways efficiency comes about in perfectly competitive free markets?A. They encourage firms to minimize the resources they consume to produce a commodity and to use the most efficient technologies.B. They distribute bundles of commodities among buyers so that they receive the most satisfying commodities they can purchase, given what is available to them and the amount they have to spend.C. Individuals are encouraged to or prevented from engaging in a certain business, based on their expertise and the financial resources required.D. They motivate firms to invest resources in industries with a high consumer demand and move away from industries where demand is low.Question 14 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the “network effect” barrier to entry into a market?A. When the value of a product goes down as the number of users increasesB. When a product becomes more difficult to supply as the number of users increasesC. When the value of a product goes up as the number of users increasesD. When the value of a product goes up as the number of users decreasesQuestion 15 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe most common cause of oligopolistic market structure is the __________ or unification of two companies that formerly competed in the same line of business.A. cooperativeB. joint ventureC. horizontal mergerD. vertical mergerQuestion 16 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsIn a perfectly free economy, all buyers and sellers are what?A. utility usersB. utility creatorsC. utility maximizersD. utility diminishersQuestion 17 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich view regarding oligopolies argues that oligopolies should not be broken up because they provide benefits, which do not exist in a more decentralized market?A. the Antitrust viewB. the Do-nothing viewC. the Regulation viewD. the Public Policy viewQuestion 18 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is the term for a situation in which manufacturers sell to a firm only if the firm agrees not to purchase from competing manufacturers?A. retail price maintenance agreementsB. bid riggingC. exclusive dealing arrangementsD. price discriminationQuestion 19 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the most obvious failure of monopoly markets?A. the damage to the environmentB. the high prices they allow the monopoly companies to chargeC. the inequalities between employees and executivesD. monopoly markets have no real failuresQuestion 20 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is the term for a situation in which firms agree to sell only to customers in specific territories or to specific demographics?A. market allocationB. bid riggingC. exclusive dealing arrangementsD. tying arrangementsPart 2 of 2 – Lesson 5 32.5/ 50.0 PointsQuestion 21 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is Blackstone’s theory of environmental rights?A. All organisms have a right to life, and we have a duty to protect their environment.B. Humans have a duty to ensure a livable environment because we each have a right to a livable environment.C. Environmental protection is necessary for the continuation of the species, and all other concerns are secondary.D. The only way to protect the environment is through political change.Question 22 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is a good way for a business to determine the level of pollution control/removal?A. Survey public opinion to find out what people think is a good amount.B. Consult with environmental scientists to determine the effects of the pollution.C. Do a cost-benefit analysis to determine the cost of removal versus benefits of removal.D. Remove all pollution, because zero pollution is achievable with enough cost.Question 23 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsAccording to your textbook, what remedy for covering the external cost of pollution is the most fair and just?A. Make everyone pay a small amount to cover the costs.B. Internalize the costs of pollution.C. Shift production to a less populated areA.D. Reduce production so that the external co
sts are lesseneD.Question 24 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the term for the cost an individual or company must pay out of their own pocket for an economic activity?A. private costB. social costC. economic costD. associated costQuestion 25 of 402.5/ 2.5 Points________ holds that until those patterns of hierarchy and domination are changed, we will be unable to deal with environmental crises.A. Conservation theoryB. The ethics of careC. SustainabilityD. Social ecologyQuestion 26 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe saving or rationing of natural resources for later use is referred to as:A. EvolutionB. EcologyC. Planned deletionD. ConservationQuestion 27 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the “safety standard” of pollution?A. when an environment is clean enough for all organisms that live in itB. when an environment is clean enough that it causes 3 deaths out of 10,000C. when an environment is clean enough to allow us to live healthy human livesD. no safety standard; all pollution is badQuestion 28 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is not a greenhouse gas?A. carbon dioxideB. methaneC. nitrogenD. nitrous oxideQuestion 29 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is NOT an argument against attributing rights to future generations?A. Future generations will have better technology to solve their problems.B. We do not know what interests future generations will have, or what rights they have.C. Future generations may not exist.D. If future generations have rights, everyone in the present must always sacrifice for them.Question 30 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThough some of the views of deep ecology are unusual and controversial, two traditional views of ethics can help us to develop an environmental ethic: utilitarianism and:A. ethical relativism.B. distributive justice.C. concern for human rights.D. virtue ethics.Question 31 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsSustainability is often said to depend on “three pillars”. Which of the following is NOT one of these three pillars?A. social arrangementsB. economic activitiesC. environmental activitiesD. focus on profitabilityQuestion 32 of 402.5/ 2.5 Points“If you cut down a tree, plant a tree” is an example of what?A. precautionary principleB. conservation based on justice to future generationsC. ecocentrismD. anthropocentrismQuestion 33 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhat was the United States’ total energy consumption in 2008 (equivalent to barrels of oil)?A. 1 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumptionB. 17 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumptionC. 500 million barrels of oil worth of energy consumptionD. 17 billion barrels of oil worth of energy consumptionQuestion 34 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsAcid rain is caused by:A. global warming.B. fossil fuels.C. airborne toxins.D. oceans evaporating.Question 35 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhen is the hole in the stratospheric ozone layer over the Antarctic expected to recover?A. between 2060 and 2075B. between 2016 and 2020C. between 2100 and 2200D. neverQuestion 36 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsHow does carbon dioxide contribute to global warming?A. It is less dense, leaving less space in the atmosphere for oxygen.B. It absorbs heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping into space.C. It is created during combustion, which is an exothermic process that collectively heats up the earth.D. Carbon dioxide does not contribute to global warming.Question 37 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the term for the view that protecting the environment is important because it harms human beings?A. ecocentrismB. anthropocentrismC. exocentrismD. biocentrismQuestion 38 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhat is the term for the sum total internal and external costs of an economic activity?A. private costB. social costC. economic costD. associated costQuestion 39 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhat is one reason why businesses were able to ignore their effects on the environment for so long?A. Businesses tend to view the effects of their activities as negligible and ignore them.B. Governments had no way to stop them.C. Businesses did not know they were polluting.D. Businesses used bribes for many years as incentives to government to ignore the effects.Question 40 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsAbout ________ of the world’s surface water is too polluted to fish or swim in.A. 10%B. 25%C. 40%D. 60%ashworth college BU490 Online Exam 7 latest 2016 mayPart 1 of 2 – 42.5/ 50.0 PointsQuestion 1 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsUnder the theory of due care, under what conditions should the distribution of a product be strictly controlled?A. when selling to an international marketB. when the product is produced by a monopolyC. when the product requires expertise to handle safelyD. when the product has a universal applicationQuestion 2 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsSome advertisements that are intended to manipulate consumers violate what right?A. the right to free speechB. the consumer’s right to be treated as a free and equal rational beingC. the right to choose between competitors in a free marketD. the right to personal safetyQuestion 3 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is considered a valid criticism of the contract view?A. Government regulation hinders its effectiveness.B. The “invisible hand” of market forces makes it redundant.C. The view assumes that the buyer and seller are equally qualified to evaluate the product.D. Advertising effectively negates the validity of the contract.Question 4 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is considered a valid challenge to the social cost view?A. It allows consumers to sue manufacturers for their own clumsiness or incompetence.B. It encourages unsafe use of products in hopes of large settlements.C. It can be unfair to companies as it may punish them for unforeseeable effects.D. It can negatively impact insurance companies, driving them out of business.Question 5 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe __________ theory of a business’s duties to consumers claims that a business has four main moral duties: the basic duty of (a) complying with the terms of the sales contract, and the secondary duties of (b) disclosing the nature of the product, (c) avoiding misrepresentation, and (d) avoiding the use of duress and undue influence.A. contractualB. commercialC. competitiveD. consumptiveQuestion 6 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsIn the due care theory of manufacturer’s duties, the relationship between manufacturer and customer can be described as which of the following?A. The manufacturer is in an unequal position to harm and take advantage of the customer.B. They are equals.C. The customer is in an unequal position to place demands on the manufacturer.D. The manufacturer and the customer are separated by a regulating body.Question 7 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsPsychological privacy is best described as:A. freedom from being questioned about our opinions and beliefs.B. the right to remain silent in a court of law.C. the right to own our ideas and inventions.D. freedom from having our personal thoughts and beliefs invadeD.Question 8 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsThe _________ of the manufacturer’s duties to consumers is based on the idea that consumers and sellers do not meet as equals and the consumer’s interests are particularly vulnerable to being harmed by the manufacturer.A. duty to complyB. contract viewC. consumer protection clauseD. due care theoryQuestion 9 of 400.0/ 2.5 PointsWhich group is considered vulnerable to advertising aimed at altering desires?A. parentsB. seniorsC. childrenD. corporationsQuestion 10 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is NOT a strictly ethical criticism of advertising?A. It can affect the consumer’s beliefs.B. It can manipulate the desires of children.C. It can use deception as a means of improving sales.D. It can venerate materialistic values.Question 11 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich of the following is NOT a key component of the right to privacy?A. control over who is disclosing information about oneselfB. control over to whom information about oneself is disclosedC. control over what information about oneself is disclosedD. control over how much information about oneself is disclosedQuestion 12 of 402.5/ 2.5 PointsWhich are the three main credit reporting companies?A. Experian, Credex, and Your CreditB. Experian, Real Cre
dit, and CredibilityC. Expe