Opponents of the Convention on the Rights of the Childa.

1. Opponents of the Convention on the Rights of the Childa. maintain that its provisions would shift the burden of child rearing from the family to the state.b. believe that investing in children yields valuable returns to a nation’s economy.c. are mostly located in war-torn nations.d. argue that it should contain child abuse and neglect protections. 2. The field of child development now recognizes that __________ is among the most powerful toolsfor preventing developmental problems and enhancing children’s quality of life.a.b.c.d. family therapysound public policyhigh-quality child careearly IQ testing 3. Which of the following countries has the highest teenage pregnancy rate?a.b.c.d. PolandCanadaThe United StatesMexico 4. Which of the following major theories in child development primarily emphasizes nurture ratherthan nature as an important influence?a.b.c.d. Ethologyinformation processingthe psychoanalytic perspectivebehaviorism 5. Dynamic system theorists regard development asa.b.c.d. web of fibers branching out in many directions.static.Stagewisea single, continuous line 6. Twelve-year-old Ross lives in a country with very low governmental standards for publiceducation. As a result, he is barely literate. The public policies that impact Ross’s education arepart of thea.b.c.d. Macrosystemexosystem.mesosystem.Microsystem 7. Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on a. the child’s mind, body, and physical and social worlds, which form an integrated system thatguides mastery of new skills.b. how the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group are transmitted to the nextgeneration.c. the ways in which evolution and heredity influence behavior and development.d. the child as a developing organism within a complex system of relationships affected bymultiple levels of the surrounding environment.8. According to Piaget’s theory, thought becomes abstract in the __________ stage.a.b.c.d. concrete operationalpreoperationalformal operationalsensorimotor 9. __________ has been used to relieve a wide range of serious developmental problems, such aspersistent aggression and extreme fears.a.b.c.d. Behavior modificationSocial-cognitive theoryObservational learningModeling 10. According to B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning theory,a.b.c.d. children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the worlddevelopment is a discontinuous processmodeling is the most powerful source of developmentthe frequency of behavior can be increased by following it with reinforcers. 11. Which of the following is a major criticism of Freud’s theory?a. It was based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults, not on direct study ofchildren.b. It ignores the value of the clinical, or case study, method.c. It mostly ignores milestones of infant and toddler developmentd. It does not acknowledge the individual’s unique life history as worthy of study andunderstanding.12. Locke regarded development as __________ and largely influenced by __________.a.b.c.d. discontinuous; nurturecontinuous; nurturediscontinuous; naturecontinuous; nature 13. Theories differ from mere opinion and belief in thata.b.c.d. they cannot be tested in a research setting.they are usually too abstract to be used as a basis for practical action.they provide the ultimate truththeir continued existence depends on scientific verification. 14. The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fullyappreciate the research goals and activities. a.b.c.d. informed consentknowledge of resultsbeneficial treatmentsprivacy 15. A microgenetic design is especially useful fora.b.c.d. determining the cause of cohort effects.studying cognitive development.measuring the impact of selective attrition and practice effects.assessing emotional bonding among family members 16. Despite its convenience, cross-sectional researcha.b.c.d. is limited by selective attrition.is threatened by practice effects.cannot provide information about age-related trends.does not provide evidence about individual development. 17. Over time, John, a participant in a longitudinal study, became aware of his own thoughts, feelings,and actions, and consciously revised them when the investigator was present. This is an exampleofa.b.c.d. practice effects.biased samplingselective attrition.cohort effects 18. __________ studies differ from correlational research only in that groups of participants arecarefully chosen to ensure that their characteristics are as much alike as possible.a.b.c.d. ObservationalLaboratory experimentNatural, or quasi-, experimentField experiment 19. Which of the following research methods permits inferences about cause-and-effectrelationships?a.b.c.d. correlational studynaturalistic observationstructured interviewexperimental design 20. The dependent variable is the one the investigator expects toa.b.c.d. be influenced by the independent variable.remain stable throughout the experiment.cause changes in another variable.influence the independent variable. 21. In a correlational design, researchersa. manipulate changes in the independent variable.b. gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effortto alter their experiences.c. can infer cause and effect.d. use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.22. To be __________, observations and evaluations of people’s actions cannot be unique to a singleobserver.a.b.c.d. externally validgeneralizeableinternally validreliable 23. Which of the following is a limitation of the clinical, or case study, method?a. It requires intensive study of participants’ moment-by-moment behaviorsb. Investigators cannot assume that their conclusions apply, or generalize, to anyone other thanthe individual studied.c. It does not provide evidence about the individual’s current functioning.d. Information collected often lacks descriptive detail.24. Neurobiological methodsa. bring together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews, observations,and test scores.b. do not show which nervous system structures contribute to individual differences.c. are affected by inaccurate reporting.d. help researchers infer the perceptions, thoughts, and emotions of infants.25. A __________ is a prediction of behavior drawn directly from a __________.a.b.c.d. hypothesis; theorysummary; studytheory; hypothesisconfirmation; fact